An octapush or underwater hockey game is refereed by two or three aquatic referees in the pool, a head referee on the deck and at least one timekeeper and goalkeeper. Additional timekeepers can be used to track penalty times in hard-fought matches. A tournament referee will referee for the chief referees, while protests will be decided by at least three independent referees. Referee is often used as both a noun and a verb. It is most often used in the context of sport, but can also be used in a legal context. It is sometimes used figuratively. The first regular fencing competition was held in 1880 at the first Grand Military Tournament and Assault at Arms, held in June at the Royal Agricultural Hall in Islington. The tournament featured a number of competitions between army officers and soldiers. Each fight was conducted for five strokes and the foils were marked in black to assist the judges.

[5] The word arbitrator is also sometimes used to refer to a person acting as a formal authority or arbitrator in any type of decision, such as a court case. Sometimes the word refers to a person responsible for reviewing scientific or academic papers or grant applications. A football match is refereed by a referee, to whom the rules of the game “give full authority to enforce the rules of the game in relation to the match for which he has been designated” (Law 5). The referee is often assisted by two assistant referees and sometimes by a fourth official. In korfball, it is the responsibility of the referee to control the game and its surroundings, enforce the rules and take action against fouls. He is assisted by an assistant referee, who draws the referee`s attention to balls and fouls and may have other tasks determined by the referee and, if possible, by a timekeeper and a goalscorer. A figure skating referee sits in the middle of the jury and manages and has full control of the entire event. The referee represents the International Skating Union at international events.

Referees for international events are trained by the International Skating Union. There are two levels of referees, the International Referee and the ISU Referee, with ISU referees being better ranked. In professional wrestling, the purpose of the referee on stage is similar to that of referees in martial arts such as boxing or mixed martial arts. In reality, however, referees participate in the conduct of a match in accordance with its predetermined outcome, as well as any other event that must take place during the match. They also serve as a communication channel between wrestlers and backstage officials during matches. Roller Derby is run by a team of seven ice skating referees. (Due to the local nature, only three are needed, although the full seven are used whenever possible.) Required referees are a lead referee who oversees the flow of the entire match and has the final say in the event of a dispute, and at the same time acts as an interior referee who follows the main pack of skaters from inside the track and imposes and enforces penalties for fouls or rule violations; and two Jammer referees who follow the two point hunters known as Jammers. Additional referees assume the roles of a second Inside Pack Ref and up to three Outside Pack Refs, performing tasks similar to Inside Pack Refs but from outside the track, rotating on active duty in a relay racing style to avoid fatigue caused by the extra speed required, to follow the peloton from the outside. Officials who do not skate complete the team by recording and communicating points and penalties, ensuring that skaters are serving their time appropriately.

Only team captains are allowed to discuss calls with referees via the head referee. Referees are also responsible for ensuring that skaters are properly wearing all prescribed safety equipment. [3] A volleyball match is refereed by a first referee, who observes the action from a stand, gives a clear view of what is happening above the net and looks at the court. The second referee is at ground level on the other side of the net – and in front of the scorers` table. They are often informally referred to as “high arbitrators” or “low arbitrators”. While the first referee monitors actions that affect the ball (and therefore the attacking team), the second referee usually judges the defensive team`s mistakes, such as touching the net. The first referee takes control of the match at all times, while creating a cooperative environment with the second referee, linesmen and scorers. [4] The duties of the second umpire are varied and include on-field responsibilities during the game, working with scorers, interacting with coaches and bench staff, and managing challenge exams in some college volleyball competitions. There are usually 7 officials in Gaelic football. A senior referee follows the play on the field and has final authority over decisions such as fouls, throws and card dealings, which are unquestionable by the players.

The lead referee is assisted by two linesmen who decide who has possession of the ball when the ball leaves the pitch, and can also advise the referee on events outside the ball, such as a fight or illegal tackle. In addition to the referee and two linesmen, there are two referees at each end of the field who stand on either side of the goal post and raise a white flag for a point or a green flag for a goal. A referee may also advise the referee on incidents outside the ball, but does not have as much authority as a linesman. Recently, a technology called “Hawk-Eye” can be used when referees and referee are unsure whether a point has been scored or not, although this technology is not usually available. The first mention of the word referee dates back to the early 1600s. It is a combination of the verb to refer and the suffix -ee, which is used to form words from verbs to indicate a person who is the beneficiary of the verb. In this way, an arbitrator is a person to whom a case is referred, often to make a decision on it. In other words, the league didn`t ask referees to review games more frequently to ensure a higher level of accuracy of calls in the bubble.

In practical shooting competitions within the IPSC, range officers apply the rules. The International Range Officers Association is the part of the IPSC that is responsible for training and certifying range officials to ensure that the games are conducted safely, fairly and in accordance with the rules. The Range Officer (RO) is the lowest-ranking referee and the one who issues withdrawal orders and follows the competitor during the fire. The Range Manager supervises the Range Officer and has primary authority over the course. The general authority for all officials throughout the game belongs to the Range Master (RM). Originally, team captains consulted with each other to resolve disputes on the field. Eventually, this role was delegated to an arbitrator. Each team brought in its own partisan referee so that team captains could focus on the game.

Later, a third “neutral” official was added to the referee; This arbitrator would be “expelled” if he could not resolve a dispute. The referee did not take his place on the field until 1891, when the referees became linesmen (now assistant umpires). Today, in many amateur football matches, each team still provides its own partisan assistant referees (still commonly referred to as linesmen) to assist the neutral referee appointed by the relevant football association if one or both assistant referees are not provided. In this case, the role of the linesmen is limited to being out of the game and cannot decide offside. In all its senses, referee can be used as a verb, meaning to act as a referee, as in I signed up to referee my daughter`s football matches.